The most significant changes to the character of warfare within the last 300 years resulted from the Enlightenment, with its ideas about personal responsibility, professionalism, and governmental control over the military. This was the real military revolution, the one that shaped the understanding and conduct of conflicts by designing the international legal framework within which nations wage war today.
President Putin made three foundational assumptions in launching his war against Ukraine that should have been correct but were not. First, Putin assumed the invasion of Ukraine would be a quick and easy fight. Second, he assumed the world would denounce the invasion but tacitly allow it. Third, Putin assumed the war would deter NATO expansion.
